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Introduction The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic presented an unprecedented challenge to the world. Due to its transmissible nature, it is essential for radiographers to have a comprehensive understanding of the epidemiology of COVID-19 to formulate protocols and strategies to ensure the safety of patients and staff. This article aims to present a radiographer's perspective of the impact of COVID-19 on interventional radiology (IR) services in Singapore General Hospital. Methods
ABSTRACT
The impact of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on outcomes in patients with cancer remains unclear. Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)/high-risk myelodysplasia (MDS) are common hematological malignancies resulting in profound immunosuppression, which is exacerbated by intensive and less-intensive chemotherapy. Importantly, venetoclax based regimens have been increasingly used during the pandemic as a strategy to reduce patient hospitalization however, there is little information concerning the impact of such regimens on COVID-19 infection rates. We therefore opened a prospective clinical study (PACE), at the start of the current pandemic in April 2020 to characterize the risk of COVID-19 infection in patients with AML/MDS-EB2 receiving intensive or non-intensive treatment, including patients treated with venetoclax-based regimens. The primary aim was to determine the incidence of COVID-19 in patients with AML /MDS-EB2 including both, prior to study entry and during treatment until 4 weeks after the last cycle of treatment. Secondary aims were to: characterize the presentation of COVID-19;define the severity and type of both non-COVID-19 and COVID-19 infections;and undertake an exploratory analysis to quantify the incidence of COVID-19 infection in patients receiving (less-intensive) venetoclax based regimens. All analysis conducted to date has been descriptive. 211/230 recruited patients had full treatment histories available, of whom 116 patients received intensive chemotherapy and 95 low intensity regimens. 48 patients received a venetoclax-based regimen. The median age of the non-intensive treatment arm was 72 years;(range 19.1-86.5) and of the intensive arm was 59 years (range 16.1-76.1). There were more cases of secondary AML and relapsed disease in the non-intensive arm as compared to the intensive arm. 25/226 evaluable patients tested positive for COVID-19 as defined by positive SARS-CoV2 PCR test, 10 with a prior diagnosis at study entry and 15 tested positive during the study. The incidence of COVID-19 infection for patients with AML/MDS-EB2 was 11.1% (90%CI: 7.8%-15.1%) (Table). A lower proportion of patients (n=6/91 6.6%) undergoing non-intensive treatment suffered COVID-19 as compared to those undergoing more intensive chemotherapy regimens (n=19/116, 16.4%). Specifically, only 3/48 (6.3%) patients undergoing a venetoclax regimen were infected with SARS-CoV2. The most common presenting symptoms of COVID-19 in this study, regardless of the intensity of chemotherapy, was fever and cough with 6/25 patients asymptomatic. The risk of death at 30 days following study entry in patients who had prior COVID-19 infection or who contracted COVID-19 during this period was 13.6%, compared to 3.9% in the overall cohort without COVID-19 infection. There was a lower incidence of non-COVID-19 related infections in patients receiving venetoclax-based regimens, n=43 infections in 24 (50.0%) of patients;with 313 infections in 94 (81%) of intensively treated patients. The overall occurrence of non-COVID-19 infection in the non-intensive arm was 87 infections in 50 (54.9%) patients. Our multi-center study provides real-world estimates for the incidence and presentation of COVID-19 infection in a cohort of patients with AML/MDS-EB2, and indicates a higher risk of death at 30 days in patients with prior COVID-19 infection prior to, or during treatment. Venetoclax based, and other non-intensive, regimens, increasingly implemented during the pandemic, to minimize patient exposure and reduce usage of hospital beds, appeared to be associated with a low incidence of COVID-19. Further follow-up will be required to understand the long-term impact of this strategy. Analysis of immune responses to COVID-19 infection and vaccination is on-going. Acknowledgments: This study was funded by Cure Leukaemia under the Trials Acceleration Program (TAP), and grants from BMS and Blood Cancer UK. [Formula presented] Disclosures: Loke: Novartis: Other: Travel;Janssen: Honoraria;Amgen: Honoraria;Pfizer: Honoraria;Daichi Sankyo: Other: Travel. K apper: Pfizer: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau;Astellas: Ended employment in the past 24 months, Speakers Bureau;Jazz: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau;Novartis: Consultancy, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau. Khan: Abbvie: Honoraria;Astellas: Honoraria;Takeda: Honoraria;Jazz: Honoraria;Gilead: Honoraria;Novartis: Honoraria. Dillon: Amgen: Other: Research support (paid to institution);Astellas: Consultancy, Other: Educational Events, Speakers Bureau;Menarini: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees;Novartis: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: Session chair (paid to institution), Speakers Bureau;Pfizer: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: educational events;Jazz: Other: Education events;Abbvie: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: Research Support, Educational Events;Shattuck Labs: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Culligan: AbbVie Ltd: Honoraria, Speakers Bureau;Celgene Ltd: Honoraria, Speakers Bureau;Gilead: Honoraria, Speakers Bureau;Jazz Pharma: Honoraria, Speakers Bureau;Takeda UK Ltd: Honoraria, Speakers Bureau. McMullin: Bristol Myers Squibb: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: clinical trial support, Research Funding;Celgene: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau;AbbVie: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau;Novartis: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau;AOP Orphan: Research Funding, Speakers Bureau. Murthy: Abbvie: Other: support to attend educational conferences. Craddock: Novartis Pharmaceuticals: Other: Advisory Board;Celgene/BMS: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding.
ABSTRACT
Background Based on early evidence of a high rate of coronavirus mortality in patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) undergoing intensive chemotherapy (IC), the national health service (NHS) in the United Kingdom temporarily made venetoclax available as an alternative therapy, with the aim of reducing both mortality and healthcare resource use. From late April 2020, venetoclax was available to patients aged >16y with NPM1 mutation without FLT3 internal tandem duplication (ITD), patients aged >50y with NPM1, IDH1 or IDH2 mutations (regardless of FLT3 status) and patients aged >60y without favourable-risk cytogenetics. Venetoclax could be given with either azacitidine or low-dose cytarabine (LDAC), with the latter recommended mainly for patients with NPM1 mutation. We report a health-system-wide real world data collection for toxicity and patient outcomes across 65 NHS Hospitals. Methods Each patient was registered on a central NHS database. Clinicians certified that their patient met the above criteria, had not received previous AML treatment, and was fit for induction chemotherapy. Anonymised data were retrospectively collected by treating physicians. Venetoclax dose, duration and toxicity information was requested for the first 4 cycles of therapy. Response definitions were as per European Leukaemia Network (ELN) guidelines. A total of 870 patients have been registered on the scheme, with outcomes reported here for those with follow-up information at a data cut on 1st August 2021. Results There were 301 patients, median age 72y (range 34 - 90) with 62% male. The majority (81%) had an ECOG performance status of 0-1. AML was secondary to a previous haematological disorder in 33%, therapy-related in 10% and de novo in the remaining 57%. MRC cytogenetic risk was intermediate in 70% and adverse in 27%. NPM1 mutations were detected in 28% and FLT3-ITD in 12%. Next-generation sequencing results were available in 86% of patients, which detected mutations in IDH1 or IDH2 in 28%, ASXL1 in 20%, RUNX1 in 17% and TP53 in 12%. The ELN risk was favourable for 23%, intermediate for 30% and adverse for 44%. A majority received venetoclax in combination with azacitidine (85%), with the remaining 15% receiving LDAC. The LDAC cohort was enriched for de novo AML (76% vs 54%) and NPM1-mutated disease (56% vs 23%). Most patients (81%) followed the recommended initial schedule of venetoclax 100mg daily for 28 days in combination with posaconazole or voriconazole. Patients spent a median 14 days in hospital in cycle 1, then a median of 0 days for cycles 2-4. In cycles 1, 2, 3 and 4, the median number of days for recovery of neutrophils to >0.5x10 9/L was 33, 25, 24 and 14 respectively, and the median number of days to recovery of platelets to >50x10 9/L was 22, 3, 0 (no drop below 50) and 0. The composite complete remission (CR) / CR with incomplete haematological recovery (CRi) rate was 70%. MRD data is being collected. The best response was morphological leukaemia free state (MLFS) in 2%, partial remission in 7% and refractory disease in 11%. CR/CRi was higher in de novo (78%) compared to secondary AML (57%, p=0.02);NPM1 mutated (78% vs 67%, p=0.02) and IDH1/IDH2 mutated disease (85% vs 62%, p=0.02). ELN favourable risk patients had the highest CR/CRi rate (85%, intermediate 71%, adverse 60%, p=0.01). Median follow-up was 8.2 months (95%CI 7.8 - 9.0) with median overall survival (OS) 12.8 months (95%CI 10.9 - not reached). Mortality at day 30 was 5.7% and day 60 was 8.4%. 12-month overall survival was 51%, increasing to 71% in those who achieved CR/CRi. Survival was poorer in secondary (HR 1.9, p <0.01) and therapy-related AML (HR 2.1, p=0.02), better in NPM1 mutated (HR 0.6, p=0.02) and IDH mutated (HR 0.5, p=0.02) disease and poorer with TP53 mutation (HR 2.0, p=0.01). Overall survival did not differ for patients treated with LDAC compared to azacitidine (HR 1.1, p=0.7). Conclusion This large real-world study demonstrates CR/CRi and survival rates comparable to those reported in prospective clinical trials. Importantly, during t e COVID-19 pandemic, the adoption of venetoclax regimens permitted the great majority of treatment to be delivered as an outpatient with significant resource saving at a time of critically constrained inpatient resources. The data support prospective comparisons of venetoclax-based regimens to IC in fit adults with AML particularly in older patients with de novo AML, NPM1-mutated and IDH-mutated disease. [Formula presented] Disclosures: Belsham: Celgene: Other: meeting attendance;Abbvie: Other: meeting attendance. Khan: Abbvie: Honoraria;Astellas: Honoraria;Takeda: Honoraria;Jazz: Honoraria;Gilead: Honoraria;Novartis: Honoraria. Khwaja: Pfizer: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau;Novartis: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau;Jazz Pharmaceuticals: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau;Astellas: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau;Abbvie: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau. Latif: Kite: Consultancy, Honoraria, Speakers Bureau;Jazz: Consultancy, Honoraria;Daiichi Sankyo: Consultancy, Honoraria;Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria;Amgen: Consultancy, Honoraria;Abbvie: Consultancy, Honoraria;Astellas: Consultancy, Honoraria, Speakers Bureau;Takeda UK: Speakers Bureau. Loke: Pfizer: Honoraria;Amgen: Honoraria;Janssen: Honoraria;Novartis: Other: Travel;Daichi Sankyo: Other: Travel. Murthy: Abbvie: Other: support to attend educational conferences. Smith: ARIAD: Honoraria;Pfizer: Speakers Bureau;Daiichi Sankyo: Speakers Bureau. Whitmill: Daiichi-sankyo: Other: travel fees;EHA in stockholm: Other: conference support. Craddock: Novartis Pharmaceuticals: Other: Advisory Board;Celgene/BMS: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding. Dillon: Shattuck Labs: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees;Jazz: Other: Education events;Pfizer: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: educational events;Novartis: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: Session chair (paid to institution), Speakers Bureau;Menarini: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees;Astellas: Consultancy, Other: Educational Events, Speakers Bureau;Amgen: Other: Research support (paid to institution);Abbvie: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: Research Support, Educational Events.
ABSTRACT
Background Early data suggest that patients undergoing salvage chemotherapy for relapsed or refractory (R/R) acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) have poor outcomes if infected with SARS-CoV-2, and nosocomial transmission has been a major problem worldwide. Gilteritinib is effective in R/R FLT3 mutated AML, is significantly less immunosuppressive and does not require hospital admission, however at the start of the pandemic this was not yet approved for routine use in all countries. In the United Kingdom, the National Health Service (NHS) made gilteritinib available as an emergency measure from late April 2020 to patients aged >16y with R/R FLT3 mutated AML, with the aim of reducing both mortality and healthcare resource use. We report a health-system-wide real world data collection for toxicity and patient outcomes across 27 NHS Hospitals. Methods Each patient was registered on a central NHS database, with clinicians certifying that their patient met the above criteria. Anonymised data were retrospectively collected by treating physicians. Gilteritinib dose, duration and toxicity information was requested for the first 4 cycles of therapy. Response definitions were as per European Leukaemia Network (ELN) guidelines. A total of 81 patients have been registered on the scheme, with outcomes reported here for those with follow-up information at a data cut on 1st August 2021. Results Fifty patients were included with a median age of 59y (range 19 - 77) and 50% male. The majority (83%) had an ECOG performance status of 0-1. AML was secondary to a previous haematological disorder in 12%, therapy-related in 4% and de novo in the remaining 84%. The disease was refractory to the last therapy in 38%. Most patients had previously received 1 (65%) or 2 (33%) lines of therapy, including intensive chemotherapy in a majority (86%). A FLT3 inhibitor had previously been administered to 45% and 35% were post allogeneic transplant. The FLT3 mutation was an internal tandem duplication (ITD) in 80% and tyrosine kinase domain (TKD) mutation in 22%. NPM1 mutations were detected in 34%. Next-generation sequencing results were available for 94% of patients, with mutations in IDH1 or IDH2 in 12.5%, ASXL1 in 2%, RUNX1 in 21% and no TP53 mutations. Patients spent a median 3.5 days in hospital in cycle 1, 0 days in cycles 2 and 3 and 1 day in cycle 4. In cycles 1, 2, 3 and 4, the median number of days of grade 4 neutropenia was 18, 7, 7.5, and 6.5 respectively, and the grade 4 thrombocytopenia was 2, 7, 0.5 and 0.5. The composite complete remission (CR) / CR with incomplete haematological recovery (CRi) rate was 27%. MRD data is being collected. The best response was morphological leukaemia free state (MLFS) in 4%, partial remission (PR) in 25% and refractory disease in 38%. The rate of combined CR/CRi did not differ in those with previous exposure to FLT3 inhibitors (23% vs 32%, p=0.6) or with past allogeneic transplant (29% vs 27%, p=0.3). There were no CR/CRi in patients with adverse cytogenetic risk. Median follow-up was 10.5 months (95%CI 7.3 - 12.3) with median overall survival (OS) 6.7 months (95%CI 4.5 - not reached). Mortality at day 30 was 0% and day 60 was 14%. 12-month overall survival was 38%. Patients who achieved a CR/CRi had a 12-month OS of 83%, and for PR this was 35%. Survival did not differ in those with previous FLT3 inhibitor exposure (HR 1.0, p>0.9) or allogeneic transplant (HR 0.63, p=0.3). Seven patients (14%) so far have been bridged with gilteritinib to allogeneic transplant. Conclusion Our data demonstrate that gilteritinib is well tolerated and clinically active in adults with relapsed FLT3 mutated AML. Importantly, during the COVID-19 pandemic, its availability has permitted the great majority of treatment to be delivered as an outpatient with significant resource saving at a time of critically constrained inpatient resources. Patients who achieve CR/CRi have good short-term outcomes and are able to proceed to a potentially curative allogeneic stem cell transplant. [Formula presented] Disclosures: Belsham: Celgene: Other: meeting attendance;Abbvie: Other: meeting attendance. Byrne: Incyte: Honoraria. Khan: Abbvie: Honoraria;Astellas: Honoraria;Takeda: Honoraria;Jazz: Honoraria;Gilead: Honoraria;Novartis: Honoraria. Khwaja: Pfizer: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau;Novartis: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau;Jazz Pharmaceuticals: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau;Astellas: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau;Abbvie: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau. Latif: Kite: Consultancy, Honoraria, Speakers Bureau;Jazz: Consultancy, Honoraria;Daiichi Sankyo: Consultancy, Honoraria;Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria;Amgen: Consultancy, Honoraria;Abbvie: Consultancy, Honoraria;Astellas: Consultancy, Honoraria, Speakers Bureau;Takeda UK: Speakers Bureau. Loke: Amgen: Honoraria;Daichi Sankyo: Other: Travel Support;Janssen: Honoraria;Novartis: Other: Travel Support;Pfizer: Honoraria. Munisamy: Jazz Pharmaceuticals: Speakers Bureau;Roche: Speakers Bureau. Murthy: Abbvie: Other: support to attend educational conferences. Smith: Daiichi Sankyo: Speakers Bureau;Pfizer: Speakers Bureau;ARIAD: Honoraria. Craddock: Novartis Pharmaceuticals: Other: Advisory Board;Celgene/BMS: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding. Dillon: Amgen: Other: Research support (paid to institution);Astellas: Consultancy, Other: Educational Events, Speakers Bureau;Menarini: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees;Novartis: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: Session chair (paid to institution), Speakers Bureau;Pfizer: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: educational events;Jazz: Other: Education events;Shattuck Labs: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees;Abbvie: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: Research Support, Educational Events.